Удмуртского института истории, языка и литературы УрО: Российская Федерация, Удмуртская Республика, 426004, г. Ижевск, ул. Ломоносова, д.4; тел.: +7 (3412) 68–78–44; e-mail:
tgvladykina@mail.ru
Глухова Г.А. — кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры удмуртской литературы
и литературы народов России Удмуртского государственного университета: Российская Федерация, Удмуртская Республика, 426034, г. Ижевск, ул. Университетская, д.1; тел.: +7 (3412)
91-61-66; e-mail: galant@udm.ru
This paper is financially supported by the grant of the Russian Fund for Humanities No. АААА-А16–11604201005–2 “Thingish Items of the Udmurt Ethnic Culture”.
The article discusses symbolic meanings attributed to headwear in Udmurt calendar rituals. While analyzing the context of the rites the authors study the symbolic features of the materials used to make headdresses, their appearance and utilization. In the calendar rites men’s and girls’/women’s headwear usage patterns are determined by seasons (commemoration rites as the way to establish communication with dead ancestors) and age-related socialization (youth festivities as a play form of wedding ceremonies). The birch-bark hat (“tui kalpak”) of the person who presides over the ritual on the last day of Maslenitsa (Butter (Pancake) week) corresponds with birch-bark masks (“tui bam”) worn by guisers at Yuletide and birch-bark containers used in commemoration rites (“churok”) or sacrifices to a forest spirit (“chumon”), representing folk beliefs about connections with dead ancestors. The hat (iz’y/yz’y) and head kerchief (“kyshet”)/ head towel (“chalma”), irrespective of clothes worn, symbolize gender identity and are widely used by guisers to conceal their identities at Christmastide and commemoration sacrifices to dead parents in the autumn-winter season, which is strictly limited by the winter solstice. The headdresses worn by girls in the autumn rites symbolize their transition to another status (the status of bride). The forms of the hats and materials used are equivalent to plant and bird symbolism of the wedding rites and have parallels with the Russian “dev’ya krasota” (maiden’s beauty) which represents the bride at wedding rites.
Bushkevich S.P. (2004) Kuritsa [Hen]. Slavyanskie drevnosti: Etnolingvisticheskiy slovar’ [Slavic Antiquities: Ethno-linguistic Dictionary]. In 5 vol. Ed. by N.I. Tolstoy. Moscow. Vol. 3. Pp. 62–63. In Russian.
Glukhova G. A. (1997) Kul’t plodorodiya v obryade «kren’yuon» severnykh udmurtov [Fertility Cult in the “Kren’yuon” Rite of the Northern Udmurts]. III Rossiyskaya universitetskoakademicheskaya nauch.-praktich. konf. [The 3rd Russian University-Academy Sch.-Pract. Conference]. Abstracts. Izhevsk. Part 4. Pp. 45–46. In Russian.
Glukhova G. A. (2006) Osennie molodezhnye prazdnestva vostochnyh finno-ugrov [Autumn Youth Festivals among Eastern FinnoUgric Peoples]. Russkiy Sever i vostochnye finno-ugry: problemy prostranstvenno-vremennogo fol’klornogo dialoga [The Russian North and Eastern Fenno-Ugric People: Problems of Spatial and Temporal Folklore Dialogue]. Proceedings of the 1st Interregional Conference and the 7th International School for Young Folklore Researchers. Ed by V.M. Gatsak, T. G. Vladykina. Izhevsk. Pp. 58–62. In Russian.
Gura A. V. (1999) Karavay [Round Loaf]. Tolstoy N.I. (ed.) Slavyanskie drevnosti: Etnolingvisticheskiy slovar [Slavic Antiquities: Ethno-linguistic Dictionary]. In 5 vol. Ed. by N.I. Tolstoy. Moscow. Vol. 2. Pp. 461–466. In Russian.
Gura A. V., Usacheva V. V. (1999) Kvitka. [Ticket]. Slavyanskie drevnosti: Etnolingvisticheskiy slovar [Slavic Antiquities: Ethno-linguistic Dictionary]. In 5 vol. Ed. by N.I. Tolstoy. Moscow. Vol. 2. Pp. 489–492. In Russian.
Dolganova L.N., Morozov I. A. (2002) Igry i razvlecheniya udmurtov [Games and Entertainments of the Udmurts]. Izhevsk. In Russian.
Kosareva I.A. (2000) Traditsionnaya zhenskaya odezhda periferiynykh grupp udmurtov (kosinskoy, slobodskoy, kukmorskoy, shoshminskoy, zakamskoy) v kontse XIX — nachale XX v. [Traditional Female Clothing among the Peripheral Groups (Residing at the Basins of Kosa, Sloboda, Kukmor, Shoshma the Rivers and at Trans-Kama Territory) in the End of the 19th — Beginning of the 20th Century]. Izhevsk. In Russian.
Lebedeva S. Kh. (2008) Udmurt kalyk dis’kut = Udmurtskaya narodnaya odezhda = Udmurt Folk Costume. Izhevsk. In Udmurt, in Russian and in English.
Lebedeva S. Kh., Volkova L. A. (comp.) (1983) Golovnye ubory. Nalobnye povyazki: Katalog [Headwear. Ampyxes: A Catalogue]. Izhevsk. In Russian.
Lebedeva S. Kh., Volkova L. A. (comp.) (1985) Golovnye ubory. Golovnye polotentsa: Katalog [Headwear. Head Towels: A Catalogue]. Izhevsk. In Russian.
Molchanova L. A. (2006) Udmurtskiy narodnyy kostyum: istoriya i simvolika [Udmurt Folk Costume: History and Symbolism]. Izhevsk. In Russian.
Orlov P. A. (1999) Veshchnyy mir udmurtov: K semantike material’noy kul’tury [Thinghish World of the Udmurts: To the Semantics of Material Culture]. PhD Thesis (History). Izhevsk. In Russian.
Pervukhin N.G. (1888) Eskizy predaniy i byta inorodtsev Glazovskogo uezda. Eskiz II [Sketches on Legendry and Everyday Life of Minorities of Glazov County. The 2nd Sketch]. Vyatka. In Russian.
Shklyaev G. (2005) Puvut — Dis’kut [Costumes]. Marit, mordvalaiset ja udmurtit: Perinteisen kulttuurin tietosanakirja [The Mari, the Mordva and the Udmurt Peoples: An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Traditional Cultures]. Ed by I. Lehtinen. Helsinki. Pp. 97–99. In Finnish and in these Finno-Ugric Languages.
Shutova N.I. (2008) Zhenskie golovnye ubory udmurtov XVII — nachala XX v.: arkheologoetnograficheskie paralleli [Female Headwear of the Udmurts in the 17th — the Beginning of the 20th Century: Archeological and Ethnographic Parallels] Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii [Brief Messages of the Institute of Archeology]. 2008. Issue 222. Pp. 193–209.
Tatarintsev A.G. (1990) (comp., preface, comm.) Russkiy fol’klor Udmurtii [Russian Folklore of Udmurtia]. Izhevsk. In Russian.
Tolkacheva S. V. (2012) Immanentnye cherty poeticheskogo obraza nevesty v russkikh svadebnykh pesnyakh i prichitaniyakh Udmurtii [Immanent Features of the Poetic Image of the Bride in Russian Wedding Song and Lament Folklore of Udmurtia]. Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta. Istoriya i filologiya [Herald of the Udmurt University. History and Philology]. 2012. Issue 4. Pp. 87–94. In Russian.
Tolkacheva S. V. (2013) Simvolika ritual’nogo perekhoda nevesty v russkom svadebnom pesennom fol’klore Udmurtii [Symbolism of the Ritual Transition of the Bride in Russian Wedding Song Folklore of Udmurtia.]. Vestnik Udmurtskogo universiteta. Istoriya i filologiya [Herald of the Udmurt University. History and Philology]. 2013. Issue 4. Pp. 135–141. In Russian.
Tolstaya S.M. (2005) Fol’klor i etnolingvistika [Folklore and Ethnolinguistics]. Pervyy Vserossiyskiy kongress fol’kloristov [The 1st AllRussian Congress of Folklore Researchers: Collected Papers]. Moscow. Vol. 1. Pp. 118–132. In Russian.
Trofimova E. Ya. (1993) Prazdnichnaya i obryadovaya pishcha [Festive and Ritual Food]. Udmurty. Istoriko-etnograficheskie ocherki [Udmurts. Historical and Ethnographical Essays]. Izhevsk. Pp. 154–160. In Russian.
Vereshchagin G.E. (2001) Sobranie sochineniy [Collected Works]. In 6 vol. Ed. by V.M. Vanyushev. Vol. 1. Book 3. Issue 2. Ocherki russkikh Vyatsko-Prikamskogo kraya [Essays on Russians of Vyatka-Kama Territory]. Issue ed. by G.K. Shklyaev; preface by V.M. Vanyushev, thematic index by G.K. Shkyaev and T. G. Vladykina. Izhevsk. In Russian.
Vinogradov S.N. (1974) Udmurtskaya odezhda [The Udmurt Clothing]. Izhevsk. In Russian. Vinogradova L.N. (1982) Zimnyaya kalendarnaya poeziya zapadnykh i vostochnykh slavyan. Genezis i tipologiya kolyadovaniya [Winter Calendar Poetry of Western and Eastern Slavs. Genesis and Typology of “Kolyadovanie” — Caroling]. Moscow. In Russian.
Vladykina T.G. (1998) Udmurtskiy fol’klor: problemy zhanrovoy evolyutsii i sistematiki [Udmurt Folklore: Problems of Genre Evolution and Systematic]. Izhevsk. In Russian.
Vladykina T.G. (2006) Atributivnye i verbal’nye paralleli v udmurtskom i russkom svadebnom ritualakh [Attributive and Verbal Parallels in the Udmurt and Russian Wedding Rituals]. Russkiy Sever i vostochnye finno-ugry: problemy prostranstvenno-vremennogo fol’klornogo dialoga [The Russian North and Eastern Fenno-Ugric People: Problems of Spatial and Temporal Folklore Dialogue]. Proceedings of the 1st Interregional Conference and the 7th International School for Young Folklore Researchers. Ed by V.M. Gatsak, T. G. Vladykina. Izhevsk. Pp. 50–57. In Russian.
Vladykina T.G. (2012) Vsego ob odnoy pesennoy formule osennego ryazhen’ya udmurtovkalmezov [About Only One Song Formula of the Autumn Guising among the Kalmez Udmurts]. Problemy kul’turno-yazykovoy regionalistiki [Problems of Cultural and Language Regionalism]. Perm’. Pp. 190–194.
Vladykina T.G., Glukhova G. A. (2009) «Zhenskaya» i «muzhskaya» ipostasi Maslenitsy v udmurtskoy traditsii [Female and Male Facets of the Butter Week in Udmurt Traditoon]. Yazyki i kul’tura finno-ugorskikh narodov v usloviyakh globalizatsii [Languages and Culture of the Finno-Ugric Peoples in Conditions of Globalization]. Proceedings of the 4th All-Russian Conference of the Finno-Ugric Scholars. Khanty-Mansiysk. In Russian.
Vladykina T.G., Glukhova G. A. (2011) Argod-bergan: Obryady i prazdniki udmurtskogo kalendarya (“Udmurtskaya obryadovaya azbuka”) [Ar-god-bergan: Rituals and Fests of the Udmurt Calendar (“Udmurt Ritual Alphabet”)]. Izhevsk. In Russian.